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Introduction The benefits of the utilization of the construction contracts include, the requirements of the agreement while performing home building, the contract paper preserves the rights of the contractor or builders, superintendent, principles and the other involved parties. In accordance with the Crown Build project case study, the building construction is located in the NSW area and it is going to be a four storey building with the fixed amount of AUD28 million and within a fixed timeline as mentioned in the contractual document of this building project and the contract has been signed under AS4000-1997 regulation. But in the middle of the project development, it has been detected that the beam size is incorrect and the contractor has provided notice to the principal and superintendent of the project. The superintendent has corrected the drawing with correct beam size and instructed to eradicate the implemented wrong beams. Now gradually the quantity of the handrails has increased with labour const and delivery delay. Now, the contractor can apply for different progress claims under different clauses. Task 1 The Australian building industry mainly follows the laws and regulations of ABIC or Australian Building Industry contracts, HIA or housing Industry of Australia and the government contracts. Each of the construction projects in Australia follows jurisdictions of Building and Construction Industry Security of Payment Act 1999 (NSW), Home Building Act 1989 that mainly focuses on the building activities of the NSW Area. For the residential building construction in the NSW area under Schedule 1 of Home Building ACT 1989 refers that the roof plumbing and Specialist work will be done in relation with dwelling. Governing law Clauses refers to the transactions between the parties that are mainly operated in the territories and the states and the parties generally maintain and follow the legislation attributes of Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth) and the payment security legislation (Wang and Burdon, 2021). According to the considered mandatory of the general guidelines of the construction projects, the scope, timeline and the allocation of roles and responsibilities will be mentioned (Appendix 3) The payment schedule along with the provisional sum and the contract sum will be written and also the dispute resolution, relief damage, limitation clauses and available reliefs are also mentioned in the construction contracts. The general principles of the construction contracts uses different objectives such as the type of work
4 (commercial, design, residential), size and value of the contract, legislative requirements for state and the mention of the parties who are administering the contract paper such as architect, contractor, superintendent and the principles. In accordance with the Australian Standards (AS) there are different general conditions that are prepared by Standards Australian Committee. The general principles of construction contract laws are described here-AS 4000-1997: This contract is signed for the construction delivery purpose and is known as “general conditions of a contract”. AS 4901-1998: it is mainly as a sub-contract and it is used with the AS4000 principles. AS 4902-2000: this is mainly built for the construction delivery and design purpose and it is a variant of AS4000. AS4905-2002 is signed for the minor contract conditions and it is administered by the Superintendent. Thus, it is clear that the selection of the contract depends on the different circumstances but there is some general reflection- The amendments or the body of the contract, instruments of the contract or agreement that are written formally, and the annexure parts. Some basic features of AS4000 are- the contractor of a construction project is required to m\execute the completion of the construction project within a fixed timeline and at a lump sum price. It is important to sign the agreement with the clearly mentioned date of completion of the construction contracts, if the extension of time is required, and the contractor will have to provide a ‘qualifying cause of delay’ (Swift, 2019). The case study deals with the construction project of Crown build that is facing structural difficulties due to the proposed wrong beam size and this dispute can be resolved by the AS4000-1997 contractual agreement with the proper utilization of the clauses. The advantages of using the standards forms of the Australian contracts are- it can reduce the total cost, the scope of negotiation can be avoided with the signing of document and thus influences the speediness of the process, However, in the agreement, the rights of the both of the parties, the proper mentioning of the conditions of the contract, expected date of project completion, the date of work commencement and the other terms and conditions related to the construction project are clearly mentioned in the construction contracts. The benefits of the utilization of the construction contracts include, the requirements of the agreement while performing home building, the contract paper preserves the rights of the contractor or builders, superintendent, principles and the other involved parties. The construction contracts help to lay out the planning and conditions of the owner very clearly. It also ensures that the owner of the building and the contractor are performing together in order to achieve a
5 common target, The clear guidelines of the contracts helps to perform a better construction performance and the associate legislations add value to the protection of the builders and traders (Jones, 2021). In addition to that the changes can be possible if there is any evidential defect or damage or complaint occurs during the process.
Task 2 According to the case study of the Crown Build, the construction of the four storey building under Crown Build developer is facing structural deficiencies as the superintendent of the project has proposed wrong size of beams in the design paper. This issue has been resolved as the contractor has informed the superintendent and the superintendent has issued a new design with the correct size of the beams. Moreover, the superintendent has informed us to remove the used beams and replace them with the correct beams (Appendix 2). Now this situation has increased the amount of the stair handrails and thus it is enhancing the cost and the time period. In this case, the contractor will apply for the provision of the compensation rate from the superintendent as the dispute occurs due to the provision of incorrect information by the Superintendent. This is a communication problem in the construction management project. The construction project of the Crown Build has been made according to the law of AS 4000- 1997 thus it includes a fixed timeframe and fixed allocated cost. For the Crown Build project the time frame is 24 months and the allocated cost is AUD 28 million. But as the changes have been done in the building design along with the beam sizes, there is a qualifying cause of extension of the time period. Thus the contractor can apply for the delay delivery of the project and delay cost under the AS4000-1997 legislations (EL GEZERY, 2018). The contractor can apply for the EOT or the delay cost under AS4000 policy as the issue has been caused by the omission of the Superintendent. In this regard, the qualifying cause of delay compensable cause, 8.1 can be claimed for achieving the incurred cost due to the quantity enhancement of the stair handrails, labour cost and beam removal cost. Under clause number 25.3, the delay cost of the construction of Crown Build project involves the labour cost. In addition to that the clause number 11.2 is also applicable in this regard as the changes have been made and thus the costing structure is changing. The constructor can use the clause in order to include the additional expenses with the lump sum cost of the project. EOT can be applied in this case as there is a qualifying cause of delay as the mistake
6 has been done by the superintendent and the contractor can apply for achieving a relief. It cannot be ignored that the principal of the project has also omitted the mistake made by the superintendent in the beam size (Rıgga, 2019). In accordance with 34.2 clause number, the contractor of Crown build has already sent a notice to the superintendent and the principal to apply for EOT. This EOC will be received within 28 days after the claim has been done and the delay cost has a qualifying cause of delay under clause number Qualifying cause of delay, CC, 8.1. Task 3 According to the policies of AS4000, the contractor of Crown Build can claim for the expansion of the time frame in order to carry out WUC and the contractor needs to prepare a qualifying cause of delay statement with evidential attributes. There are fundamentally two types of qualifying cause of delay- i) it is applicable when any omission or mistake is made by the superintendent of a building construction project and ii) it is applicable when the mistake or default is made by the contractor of a building construction project or due to industrial and weather conditions (Van Der Westhuizen and Evans, 2019). In the case of the Crown Build project, the mistake has been performed by the superintendent of the building construction as in the initial design the superintendent has proposed an incorrect beam size which is shorter than the required beams. The Item number 23 can identify another factor about the qualifying cause of delay as it measures if the EOT is not grantable in this situation. After that the extension delay will be transformed into the calendar and the business days. Under clause number 34.2, the contractor will be liable to submit the delay notice and in this case the contractor of Crown Build has to submit proper documentation with the evidence of the beam fault to the superintendent of the building project and the principal (RUGINĂ, 2021). This documentation will include the cause of delay and the estimated delivery date of the project. In this regard it can be considered that claiming of EOC notice and delay notice are different notices issued by the contractor. The provision of EOC notice comes under clause number 34.2 and the delay notice provision comes under clause number 34.3. In accordance with the regulation of clause number 34.3, the contractor of Crown Build has to provide evidence regarding the fault in the beam size, responsible person and the extended timeline in the notice of the EOT. The process of claiming for EOT under AS4000 includes the submission and accessing of notice of delay with the evidences for ‘qualifying cause of delay’ under the clause number
7 34.2, provision of delay notice, EOT claiming notice under the clause number 34.3, delay damage claim as stated in the clause number 34.9 and 41.1 and the final assessment under the clause number 34.4 (Appendix 1). The dispute in the construction building project will come under 42.1 and the progress claim will be done as an activity of the payment security policy according to clause number 37.1 (Montalbán-Domingo et al. 2019). However, demonstration of the delay will be properly reported in the EOC notice. In accordance with the policies, the superintendent of the Crown Build project has taken mitigation steps in order to resolve the issue of the incorrect beam size. For taking effective steps, the superintendent has designed a new building drawing with correct beam size and instructed to remove the wrong beams that are already implemented in the building. However, clause number 34.9 is identifying the compensable cause under AS4000-1997. Due to the omission and the defaulted act of the superintendent, the clause number 1.1 stated that it is a subject of compensable cause. The item number 26 (Annexure Part A) can detect the other qualifying causes of damage delay and it also can be ‘Nil’ but the ‘Nil ‘refers that there is no additional cost found in the case. The quantum inclusion and the basics of claim need to be considered while preparing the notice for the damage delay claims. The contractor has to submit and keep updating the prepared claim as evidencing aspects for the delay. The clause number 34.4 includes both the non-qualifying and qualifying delay causes in the cases of the overlapped situation. In this case, it can be considered the prevention steps will be evaluated by the contractor to measure if the objectives are affecting his attributes or not. Moreover, according to clause number 42.1, the contractor can also provide a dispute notice if he found any disagreement with the proposal of the superintendent’s instruction (Adzoyi and Nani, 2021). The contractor can also involve incurred cost that has been increased due to the replacement of the shorter size beams, labour cost and the increased quantity of the handrails. These inclusions of the cost will be done under clause number 36.2. Task 4 There are fundamentally two reasons for claiming cost. Firstly, the incorrect beam size has extended the delivery date of the building construction and on the other hand the labour cost associated with the extension of the project and the removal and implementation of the newly proposed correct beams. These types of costs are regarded as the “global cost claim”. In this
8 regard the superintendent will be considered as a liable person to provide the compensation cost to the constructor or the builder. The clause number 36.2 indicates that the incurred cost structure can be claimed by Crown Build as the variation has occurred in the contractual cost structure. The cost claim will be made as the superintendent has made a mistake in the building drawing with incorrect beam size. In order to respond to the cost variation, the contractor will provide the incurred cost quotation and this quotation needs to be verified and sanctified by the superintendent as a sign of approval. This cost structure will include the additional cost of the raw materials, labour cost and the extension period cost. It will be called ‘cost plus agreement’. In accordance with the policies, the superintendent of the Crown Build project has taken mitigation steps in order to resolve the issue of the incorrect beam size. For taking effective steps, the superintendent has designed a new building drawing with correct beam size and instructed to remove the wrong beams that are already implemented in the building. However, clause number 34.9 is identifying the compensable cause under AS4000-1997 (Klee, 2018). Due to the omission and the defaulted act of thesuperintendent, the clause number 1.1 stated that it is a subject of compensable cause. According to clause 26, the expense claim will involve the additional cost with the lump sum cost in the contract. In addition to that the clause number 25.6 will be applicable as it indicates the delay labour cost that is a delay damage expense. The clause number 11.2 needs to be applied as there is a verified costing structure in the construction of the Crown build project. The clause number 26 will also include the additional costs with the main costing structure. Now the additional cost includes the labour cost, implemented beam removal cost, extension cost and the quantity increment cost of the handrails (Hastie, Sutrisna and Egbu, 2017). The value of the raw materials will be added in the additional cost structure according to the law of AS4000. Conclusion As the Crown Build project has been signed under the law AS 4000-1997, the financial and delay dispute will come under different clauses. The provision of EOC notice comes under clause number 34.2 and the delay notice provision comes under clause number 34.3. In addition to that the clause number 25.6 will be applicable as it indicates the delay labour cost that is a delay damage expense. Under clause number 25.3, the delay cost of the construction of Crown Build project involves the labour cost. In addition to that the clause number 11.2 is also applicable in this regard as the changes have been made in the cost structure.
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Issues in Global Business and Strategic Concepts Case Study Analysis of Hewlett-Packard (HP)
Executive Summary
In the contemporary business environment no organization is left untouched by the impact of globalization. Globalization is both a blessing and curse for organizations. It is mainly because with globalization companies are offered a number of scopes to expand and gain long term sustainability. But at the same time it raises a number of global issues that act as hindrance and thus adoption of successful strategies to overcome the same are highly critical. In this paper the case of Hewlett-Packard (referred to as HP from now on in this paper) is discussed in details with regards to global issues faced by the company, solutions crafted by them to overcome such issues, evaluation of solutions and finally proposing suggestions based on analysis. Based on analysis it was discovered that the major issues confronted by HP are four-fold. They are namely, ineffective strategic expansion through inorganic measures, cultural diversities, inabilities to cope up with changing nature of global business and lack of innovation and entrepreneurship skills. In order to combat these issues, HP has resorted to a number of strategies. Some of these strategies were successful like management of cultural diversities whereas others failed to achieve desired objectives. Upon in-depth analysis it was also revealed that mostly it is internal inabilities of HP that prohibits the company from overcoming global issues. The study finally proposes that HP needs to pursue turnaround strategy along with adoption of practices like lean management, transparent communication systems, whistle blowing and investments in research and development to support innovation for sustaineddevelopment in long run.
Introduction Hewlett-Packard, one of the prominent global IT giant has its roots in a rented car garage in Palo Alto by two Stanford classmates, Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard. Initially, with the impending resources constraints, the firm instigated with audio oscillators required in sound engineering but gradually over the years, through innovation and leadership, it developed a product portfolio encompassing hardware, software and allied services to an expansive clientele of both large and small and medium sized enterprises from public and private sectors across the globe (HP 2015) . From its inception in 1939, the company has evolved across seven business vertices: “Personal Systems, Printing, Enterprise Group, Enterprise Services, Software, HP Financial Services and Corporate Investments” and ranks 35 th in the latest list of most valuable brands of the world by the Forbes Magazine (Forbes 2015) . The firm is currently being spearheaded by Ms. Margaret Whitman as the CEO (Forbes 2015) . However, HP has its share of hardships and challenges as well especially emerging from the globalized economic business landscape where markets are approaching saturation, competition is getting intensified and technology is evolving at a rapid pace. Innovation is regarded as the sole saviour (Gault 2010; Atkinson & Ezell 2012) . This report presents that key strategic issues confronted by the IT titan and how the firm has succumbed to its wrong decisions and dubious strategic moves. The report explores each of the issue in-depth while critically analysing the firm’s subsequent strategies based on a thorough secondary investigation based on management theories and business information.
Background to Case Study
5 | Page As per the reports of Gartner (2015) , HP was the global number one firm in personal computer manufacturing from 2007 to the second quarter of 2013. It was then, Lenovo surpassed it. This is just the tip of the ice berg. The problems at HP are much graver. Strategic management has emerged as one of the most critical functions of contemporary organisations. Top level managers make strategies to tackle issues and complexities imposed by the excessively dynamic and complex businesses environment (SRINIVASAN 2014; Hitt et al. 2012; Orcullo 2008) . The decisions firms make for business have repercussions for years (Hitt et al. 2012) . HP is no exception to this. Firstly, it acquired Compaq Computer in 2001 in anticipation of leveraging the PC market globally and outshining the Asian counterparts. Strangely, the decision makers ignored the by now matured PC market and absence of internal innovation system at Compaq. Further, in 2010, HP again acquired financial crisis stricken Palm as a gateway to the emergent mobile devices market. This served no purpose as HP was a follower of Apple and Palm brought its own plethora of issues. Similar blunder was acquisition of software company Autonomy. HP wanted to ride on external sources of innovation and ignored the importance of internal innovation practices (Mourdoukoutas 2011) . Other strategic issues were that CEOs were getting changed quite often (four CEOs in seven years); HP’s tablet PC was a total flop and uncertainty about the key business segment: personal computers. There was a lot of internal unrest, feuds and scams etc. that made HP miss out on business opportunities. This led to the trajectory of declining revenues and bereaved market share (Bandler 2012) . These issues clubbed with extravagant acquisitions led to a massive downsizing initiative. This was also attributed to unnecessary focus on cost-cutting rather than innovation (Kalb 2012) . The case report explores these issues in light of the strategic management literature to bring out the impact of the strategic decisions that led to the misery of this renownedIT firm and also
6 | Page focusing on remedial measures through which HP can regain its glory through innovation for which it is was always known.
Methodology of Analysis The case is analysed on the basis of the data and information acquired from the secondary sources like published journal, article, books, literature review, articles published in magazines and newspapers. Only popular and authentic sources of information have been referred and duly acknowledged in the paper. Blogs and unworthy websites, books, journals have been ignored. Facts and figures are reported only based on company’s website, newspapers, business consultancies and government’s official websites. The analysis of the issues have been done through the case study mechanism where each issue is explained, linked with relevant theories and literature and then a solution is proposed based on the inferences.
Issues and Problems Out of a number of issues faced by organizations like HP while undertaking business in a global platform some of the most critical ones are identified and discussed in this section. These issues primarily relate to four major areas strategic expansion through acquisition, cultural diversities, changing nature of global business management and innovation and entrepreneurship.
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Global Issues Affecting HP
Management of Cultural Diversity in Workforce
Frequently Changing CEO’s and Focus on Cost reduction against Innovation
Mass- Customization due to dynamic customer tastes and preferences
Ineffective Strategic Alliances and Acquisitions
Figure 1 Global Issues Affecting HP Source: Author
Strategic expansions are a road to market development and product development which helps companies to diversify their risks by thus gain long term sustainability. HP too in lieu of diversifications and expansions underwent a number of strategic alliances. But these alliances and acquisitions in many circumstances left the company in utter dismay (Bandler & Burke 2012) . A number of acquisitions by HP namely of companies like Autonomy, EDS, Palm, and Compaq resulted in huge losses for the company within a short span of time. The consequences were downfall of company’s market value. Though HP paid out 25 billion USD for acquiring Compaq but had to write it off in only 1.2 billion USD (Nuttall 2012) . Similarly, in 2012, in spite of the fact that HP paid 14 billion USD for acquiring EDS in 2008 but it was written off for only 8 billion USD (Nuttall 2012) . These two instances depict inability of HP to take right decisions to support strategic expansions through strategic alliances.
The second issue that was faced by HP in global arena was managing with dynamic consumer tastes and preferences. For companies in order to excel in global markets standardization is generally considered to be a preferable option (Powers & Loyka 2007) . But as HP planned to cater international markets, it was challenged with the problem of customized consumer requirements. The consumers not only sought for quality products but they also wanted tailor- made products that too with faster deliveries (Feitzinger & Lee, 1997 ; Huang et al, 2015) . Tailoring of products for consumers which are spread across the world at cost effective prices was highly challenging for HP. These changing customer requirements affected all business lines of HP ranging from computers to printers to medical related products. Thirdly, while operating successfully in international markets, HP has been also exposed to issues related to cultural diversities and business ethics. During its initial period, HP was facing problems related to understanding and managing diversities among employees culture that was prevalent within the company. It was mainly because people from differing cultures, origin and expertise from across the world were working for HP (Kamal & Ferdousi 2009) . Presently the organization employs more than 3 lakh people across the world and thus management of diversity is highly critical.
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Figure 2 Number of employees in HP between year 2001 to 2014
Source: (Statista 2015)
Another major issue faced by HP is related to entrepreneurship and innovation. Being in an industry that is exposed to dynamic business environment and is completely driven by technology, innovation is the key to its success (Brem & Voigt 2009) . But in many instances, it has been observed that the policies of HP were more driven by cost minimization rather than focusing on innovation (Kalb 2012) . As a result of which HP’s investment in research and development was reduced to a large extent. The major reasons put forward for the same was enhancement of organizational efficiency through massive cost reductions. Even Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) in HP have been changed very frequently which has affected its operations in global markets to a greater degree (Thibodeau 2012) . It is due to this a number of investors have switched over dumping HP’s share resulting a loss of approximately 60 billion USD in two years between 2010 to 2012 (Hartung 2012) .
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Solution To recover from problems identified above that have affected HP vehemently since a long time, the company has undertaken a number of steps to overcome the same. It is due to these measures that HP has been yet able to manage its position within top 10 among Fortune 500 companies (Bandler & Burke 2012) . For overcoming issues related to mass-customization through minimized costs, HP set up manufacturing and designing units in economies where cost of production is low primarily due to abundance availability of resources at lower costs (Porter 2008) . These countries were mainly those who belonged to Pacific Rim along with Indian subcontinent (Pearson Higher Education n.d.) . This helped the company to produce customized computers and servers at lower prices by capitalizing on costs related to human resources, taxes and impediment in shipping. Further such set ups helped HP to enhance efficiency in form of augmented production along with innovative designs, quality development and effective distribution mechanisms. Such activities helped HP in overcoming wastefulness that was acting as a hindrance in organization’s global operations ultimately resulting in enhancement of competitive edge (Porter 2008) . Management of diversity in HP has always been a major concern. With changing times and dynamics of diversities in workforce, HP has also been responsive towards them (refer annexure 1) and designed new strategies to cater diversities as depicted in figure below.
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Figure 3 HP Way of Diversity Management Source: (Kamal & Ferdousi 2009)
In order to support a strong work culture in HP that is free from all diversities related issues the company designed ‘open corporate policy’, ‘management by objectives’ and ‘management by walking around’ (Menke et al. 2006) . These policies were also adopted by the organization to support development of a culture that would in turn support innovation. Though HP has been suffering from a number of issues but under the leadership of its new CEO, Meg Whitman, the company has been able to stabilize its activities (Merchant 2012) . The company has enhanced efficiency and has been able to minimize costs also. Further under new leadership the organization has adopted ‘Turnaround’ strategy that will fetch HP with long term profitability and sustainability (Merchant 2012) . It is this innovation that motivated company to depart from its core business and venture into markets related to cloud, solutions and software were expected to fetch the company with higher profitability through increased margins (Dediu 2013) . Innovation has always been the driving factor for HP which is the reason behind emergence of Silicon Valley but then the same needs to be revived. Thus under the new strategic
12 | Page orientation, HP would focus on HP Multi Jet Fusion Technology and Sprout that will aid the company to rejuvenate its existence and thus gain long term sustainability (Moorhead 2014) . The benefits from these innovative technological solutions are yet to be realized (Moorhead 2014) . Irrespective of this fact, these innovative approaches are expected to revive HP’s declining position.
Evaluation The present position of HP can be evaluated using the (Boston Consulting Group) BCG Model. The model is a matrix of 2×2 which depicts the position of a firm / product / service in terms of market share and market growth as depicted in diagram below.
In current situation HP which is predominantly operating in markets of personal computers is considered to be a market experiencing lower growth. In order to compete in the same, HP resorts to lower profit margins for sustaining competitive pressures (Kalb 2012) . Based on such facts it can be stated that presently HP is operating in the Dog category. This indicates presence of very minimum scope for the company in future if continued to do business in the same
13 | Page segment. The company is having a tough time in surviving with such a product portfolio. Further when the main priority of HP should be adoption of retrenchment strategy, HP on the contrary has been resorting to growth and diversification strategies. It is evident from the number of strategic acquisition that has been executed by HP. Retrenchment strategies provides an organization with opportunities to condense organizational operations and thus concentrate on selected few that will support company with long run financial stability and sustainability (Schermerhorn 2010) . In addition to the above without innovative approaches, it is almost impossible for HP to revive its position in such industry. The organizational system of the company is very intricate making it difficult for CEOs to understand the same (Enderle 2011) . Before they are in a position to understand and act, a new CEO emerges which has adversely affected HP’s growth and culture. Thus the major issue that is affecting HP is lack of effective leadership. None of the entrepreneurs so far who have been leading the organization have been able to prove their entrepreneurial skills as classified by the entrepreneurship model depicted below.
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1.1 AC 1.1 Explain the importance of strategic human resource management in organizations Strategic human resource management is related to the development of human resources strategies in synchronization with the mission, vision and objectives of an organization in a way such that the organization’s goals are accomplished. An organization should have the ability to frame such human resource strategies which will enhance the overall productivity of the organization (Durai 2010) . The strategic human resource management in Tesco has been like the backbone of the company in achieving success at the time of diversification into different sectors for business activities. The organization through its strategic HRM has been able to develop its business embedded with technical expertise, integrity and customer oriented globally (MacLachlan 2009) . For developing a vibrant strategic linkage of human resource with its corporate strategy the company had designed a transformational coaching programme for the growth and capability development of its mangers followed by an effective feedback procedure. The programme aimed at communicating business priorities of the organization to its personnel and building effective leaders as its competitive advantage (Churchard 2010) . In order to augment the customer value the organization invests highly on recruitment, employee’s training and infrastructures (TESCO 2012) . Tesco maintains a healthy relation with its union partner and believes in employee’s participative decision making process for the accomplishment of organizational goals (Wilton 2010) . With a change in organizational culture Dell has been able to build a strong position in the market. The company shifted its focus from just attaining growth to talent management, leadership building and framed global vision (Scott 2006) . Dell strives for building a competitive strategy for becoming a low cost player in the market. To have an alignment with
its business strategy the company renders its human resource services with the help of technology that is through web. Through the company’s intranet its HR team have been able to carry out various HR activities with the help of a variety of web applications such as hiring applications or tools, management reports, automatic employee reference system, updating of employee’s information to cite a few. This has helped the organization to increase the performance of its employees in many ways such as development in productivity, self-service, outsourcing as well as self-service. Along with these the company has been also able to reduce its cost of carrying out human resource operations as less manpower is required in performing automated activities and it is less time consuming as well (Gary & Varkkey 2010) .
1.2 AC 1.2 Assess the purpose of strategic human resource management activities in an organization (Siemens case study) The key purpose of developing a strategic human resource management is to have an alignment between the human resource strategies and organization’s business strategies. Such integration will help an organization in attaining sustainable competitive advantage. Integration in human resource signifies an alignment between the human resource policies and the policies of other business operations in an organization such as finance, informational technology, marketing, production to cite a few (Vedd 2003) . However, the purpose of designing a strategic human resource management is not only having an integration between HR and corporate strategy rather the aim is also to have an integration between decisions regarding the organization’s personnel with the expected output of the organization. An organization need to align human resource management with the corporate planning system, focus on the human resource activities that will help in the accomplishment of organizational goals and should undertake actions that will help in building strong personnel-management relationships (Dhar 2008) .
The main purpose of Siemens behind designing a strategic human resource management is to meet global challenges. Siemens operates in highly competitive technological market which is continuously developing which makes it imperative for the organization to have an effective HR strategy so as to develop and grow its personnel on continuous basis through frequent trainings. Various trainings imparted by the organization are like class room training, apprenticeship training to cite a few. The organization also organizes management development and education program so as to keep its employees up to date regarding the changing market trends and requirements. Siemens encourages global team work as part of its human resource strategy. The employees in the organization are expected to understand work and perform across every departments, disciplines and regions. The main purpose of Siemens behind such strategy is to enable its employees to handle multiple responsibilities in the global market and infuse a feeling of oneness and a vital part of corporate among its employees. In order to compete in the global market Siemens also redesigned its performance management system which constitutes of assessing its employee’s performance on regular basis followed by an effective feedback system. This will help its employees to augment their competencies and potentiality. The management will also be in a position to identify the existing competency gap and the remedial measures that needed to be taken to bridge such gap. The organization believes that in order to attain long term growth and increase shareholder value it is inevitable to build a motivated and satisfied human resource pool. Therefore Siemens provides career development and growth opportunities, fair compensation benefits, cordial work culture to cite a few to its employees by developing a strategic human resource policies and practices. This will in turn help the organization to prosper in the market. To gain success in the global market it is vital for an organization to have an effective cultural diversity management system. Therefore Siemens promotes a culture of transparency, openness and fairness in its organization to deal with the culturally diversified workforce in its system (Bhatia 2005) .
1.3 AC 1.3 Evaluate the contribution of strategic human resource management to the achievement of an organization’s objectives (Siemens case study) Siemens has repositioned as well as redesigned its organizational and human resource strategy which contributed significantly in meeting the business objectives. Siemens has divided its business strategy into organizational strategy and human resource strategy in which human resource strategy has been framed in alignment with the organizational strategy. While the business strategy of the organization was framed to augment the organization’s capabilities, the human resource strategy was framed in a way to guide the actions of the organization’s personnel and maximize the human potentialities so as to achieve competitive advantage. For an effective execution of human strategy the company has divided human resource activities into design and consulting services, service centres and strategy. The service centre of human resource is concerned with carrying out daily human resource functions effectively. The strategy and design division of human resource is responsible for conducting an external environmental analysis. Based on such analysis the group is expected to carry out the human resource activities such as recruitment, communications, and appraisal to cite a few in a way so as to have a considerable contribution on the organizational success. The consulting service group provides guidance to the organization in respect to the formation and implementation of organizational strategies (Chanda 2007) . The human resource strategy of Siemens consists of imparting frequent training and education to its personnel which is based as per the business requirements of the company for building and developing competencies of its employees globally. This strategy acts as a pillar of global success for the company (Siemens 2015a) . To have a strategic recruitment process
8 Siemens PLM software has strategic affiliation with various organizations to build up the future engineers, technologists and leaders. By this way Siemens will be able to recruit highly skilled and qualified personnel in future which will in turn enhance the quality of business of the organization hence leading to success (Siemens 2015c) . Siemens had realized that recruiting right candidate, imparting training and retaining talent is imperative to achieve success. Siemens therefore to have a valuable top-notch recruitment, compensation, employee development, performance evaluation and retention process to cite a few globally collaborated with the success factors solution. With these the organization has been able to standardize and integrate its human resource process. Collaboration with success factors solutions has enabled the organization to have global insight for growth and human resource planning. Through these cross border managers are being able to exchange information globally and take quality business decisions (Siemens 2015b) .
1.4 AC 2.1 Analyse the business factors that underpin human resource planning in an organization (Either dell or tesco) Human resource planning constitutes of application of planning procedure to the human resource requirements of a firm. In order to have an effective human resource planning the plan should be linked with the operational and strategic planning process of a company (Prasad 2012) . The main objective of a human resource planning is to motivate personnel in an organization, enhance customer experience quality and focuses on enhancing creativity, commitment and development in an organization. Human resource planning enables an organization in determining the future demand for labor as well so as to meet the projected needs of an organization (Deb 2006) . Various factors related to the external environment of an organization may influence the objectives of an organization and the human resource requirements to meet the organization’s
9 objectives. Some of the factors related to the business of an organization which acts as influencing factors are like governmental control, economic circumstance of a place, and prevailing competition in the market and changes in the labor force. Governmental control includes rules and regulation framed by the state or local government. Economic condition of a place implies the recession, inflationary condition, level of employment to cite a few of a place. The prevailing competition refers to the major players or the number of exits and entry of players in the market and business that strives for absorbing the same workforce whereas changes in the labor force implies the composition of labor or supply and demand of labor in a particular market (Byars & Rue 2008) . One of the major objectives of human resource planning at Dell is to assist the organization in the accomplishment of goals and attain competitive advantage thus enabling the organization to beat various external and internal business factors. The organizational human resource planning (OHRP) process has been the key factor behind the success of Dell. The organizational human resource planning process enables Dell to forecast the demand for labour well in advance so as to augment the growth of the organization. The human resource planning process of Dell engages in identifying the vacancies for key jobs in the organization well in advance. Along with these the process also involves competency mapping which is done by measuring the performance and quality of the organization’s high performers. This enables an organization in deciding what kind of skill sets can be expected from the new recruits. The organization implements flexible deployment of its human resource personnel for an effective operation of OHRP process. During the lean time of recruitment and peak time of sales the recruitment team is deployed in the sales and customer service team to contribute in the sales of the organization (Rao 2010 ; Holzner 2006) .
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The Modern Age is the age of Science. Now-a-days we cannot take a single step forward without taking the help of Science. Science has made us what we are today. The Wonderful Inventions of Modern Science are so numerous that all of them cannot be mentioned within the short space of an Essay. Ancient timings man was used to travel by bullock cart but now-a-days man can travel from one place to another place world-wide within a few hours time by Aeroplanes. Science has Invented many wonderful machines which made our daily life very easy and smooth. Like Machine learning, Artificial Intelligence which can make traffice signals without the help of man. Many Developed Countries like Europe, India can manage their traffic signals by Artificial Intelligence.
Heavy Duty Cranes can lift heavy weights, Tractors can plough fields. Machines can cook our food and serve it for us. Electricity is another wonderful inventions of Modern science. Electricity made night to day itself. Science has made us wonderful inventions in case of medicines also. Vaccines check the spread of infections as cholera, smallpox, etc. penicillin and streptomycin have proved to be a boon for humanity. Through the x-ray and cat scanners we can see the inner parts of the human body. COVID-19 Pandemic also controlled by Science by inventing injections although it is on trial basis but yes, many human life save out of danger by wonderful inventions of life saving drugs.
Computer is another recent wonderful Inventions of Modern science. Computer is a machine which processes information and preserves memory. Computer makes calculation at very fast rate. Computer are being used in every field e.g. medicine, communication, space research, predicting weather, banks, industry, business and scientific research etc.
Still Science will contiue to play a more & more important role in the life of Man & society which cannot be deniel. Science can destroy a modern city in the Twinkle of eye by atomic Energy like Herosima and Nagasaki.
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Introduction This critically analytical paper is in reference to the gap analysis made towards business and corporate level strategies of NutriNut, the selected case study. In this paper the Capability Gap Analysis, Capability Analysis of Key Success Factors, developmental strategies and evaluation of the same by NutriNut are initiated for appropriate business development.
Gap analysis: Capability Gap Analysis Introduction The role of resources and their capabilities at NutriNut, concentrates in terms of creating competitive advantage in the current market of Australia and its plan to be a part of international business community. According to resource-based view (or the RBV), NutriNut is very valuable as it has the R&D accumulated components of Macadamia oil. The components of this oil are Palmitoleic and Oleic Acid that comes in combination with Phytosterols and Linoleic Fatty Acid properties, whereby a unique skin care product gets its shape. This is the ultimate strength of this company and the combination of the same is restricted to its owner, Tracey Newman.
Table 1 Capability gap analysis: NutriNut Functional area Capabilities required
NutriNut capabilities
Competitors’ capabilities
Operations Capability to manufacture in volume Adding continuous
The manufacturing units are limited to Australian market, as of now.
Red Earth Natio: has the reputation of growing faster with appropriate service
Strategic Analysis of NutriNut 4
development to operations Prompt Services
Newman is particular about the operational developments Services are already prompt
responses
Neek Skin Organics: is very popular and a brand representing extensive manufacturing units as per increasing demands
Pricing Following income of the targeted consumers Price ranges should vary as per manufacturing costs
High fixed costs of the Nutri-Nut products Low level differences among the products
MooGoo: Prices vary as per the currency of the respective nation Iluka: Variations in quantity and pricing of the product for different classes of society Mukti Organics: Got fixed price as it concentrates in upper class of the society for maintaining brand image.
Strategic Analysis of NutriNut 5
Source: Adapted from Grant et al. (2014)
Table 2 Capability rating by resource
Source: Adapted from Grant et al. (2014)
Capability narrative Based on the aforementioned status of the capabilities of NutriNut in comparison with its competitors, this report lay focus on five basic capabilities that will assist the company in
Strategic Analysis of NutriNut 6
achieving better position amidst highly competitive market. These capabilities are discussed hereafter. Tangible resources, as in physical capability: In this analytical domain of assessing the capability of NutriNut, it has bene discovered that the company is better than its competitors. Its role is very clear in offering absolute organic product with excellent physical appeal (Teece, 2007; Ichrakie, 2013). Intangible resources, as in branding domain: Here, the position and role of NutriNut appears same as Neek Skin Organics. However, it is important to note here that all the other competitors are performing much better in establishing their brand image in the market. Davila, 2009; Ichrakie, 2013) Processes and systems, as in the selection of decision tools: According to the research initiatives of Teece (2009) and Broadbent & Laughlin (2009) the business proceedings of a company must have firm decisive tools. In this case NutriNBut relies absolutely on the decision of its owner, whereas all the other companies follow the decision of the Board of Directors, who are experts in diversified fields of manufacturing and marketing. Organisational culture, as in the maintenance of workplace attitude: The competitive edge in terms of workplace attitude has been widely discussed by Summers and Smith (2014) who laid emphasis on transparency of communication among every section of the organisation. NutriNut acts with excellence in this domain and this is better than its competitors. Organisational culture, as in the maintenance of ethics & values: in terms of maintenance of ethics and values, Bisbe & Malagueño (2009) and Schiller and Perera (2012) marks that an organisational culture should be well established as per the selected marketing domain. The role of NutriNut in this approach is remains average as it is also ready to take on adaption of different cultures as per the targeted market in international expansion process.
Strategic Analysis of NutriNut 7
Gap analysis: KSF – Capability Analysis Introduction In order to develop organisational status the implementation of key success factors from the external environment and the internal industry conditions must get the necessary competitive capabilities for gaining sustainability and growth (Grant, et al. 2014). According to the interpretations of Wu, et al (2010) for attaining regular growth, an organisation must have adequate amount of understanding about its activities, skills and resources. These are the aspects that must get analysd and reviewed in accordance to the competitive trend of the market. There are some relevant resources and professional skills among the employees of NutriNut that remain liable to get noted when it comes to the analytical platform of understanding the market positioning of NutriNut.
Table 3 KSF Capability: NutriNut Key Success Factors Capabilities Research and Development Unique use of Macadamia Nut Oil Innovation The management in particular ask for new ideas and innovative approaches to extend marketing expansion of the company
Communication Transparency All the employees and staff members are comfortable in getting communication with the owner of the company
Workplace Attitude At NutriNut there is a positive vibe in the
Strategic Analysis of NutriNut 8
workplace and there is no trace of discrimination at any ground
Adaption The company is well prepared to adapt every possible change that the new market demands
Source: Adapted from Grant et al. (2014)
Table 4 Rating KSFs Capabilities: NutriNut
KSF’s 1 2 3 4 5 Capabilities Research and Development Innovation Communication Transparency Workplace Attitude Adaption Technology Price Delivery Services
Source: Adapted from Grant et al. (2014)
Capability/KSF narrative
Research and Development: The R&D of NutriNut is very highly sophisticated. Its optimum
and unique way of extracting the Macadamia Nut Oil is the strongest point of the
organisational business of the company.
Strategic Analysis of NutriNut 9
Innovation: Pollock, et al (2009) considered the essence of innovation as the key to the success of any organisational strategy. In this case, NutriNut is very open to suggestions from the employees and the staff members. It even encourages innovative ideas and changes for organisational development. Communication Transparency:This is sector that is in great demand for international expansion of any firm or organisation (Felice and Petrillo, 2013). For NutriNut the transparency within the organisation is very visible and the same is assured to reach the consumers for building customer loyalty in the market. Workplace Attitude: Positive workplace attitude is the key to organisational growth of NutriNut in Australia. However, the company should also need to accept changes in its workplace attitude as it decides to expand markets in Asian nations (Bentes, et al 2012). It is here that the company must have resistance the risks and demands of the competitive market abroad. Technology: Currently, NutriNut is in demand of highly sophisticated technological backs up for managing the extensive online selling in the European nations. This is a domain that must get well nurtured and monitored with regular upgradation (Sara and Michael, 2007). Price: The current pricing strategy of NutriNut is very fixed. This must be changed to more flexible status as the company decides to cross borders (Kotler, et al., 2013). Delivery Services: Based on the speculations of Poveda-Bautista (2012) on international expansion, it is important that NutriNut organise its delivery proceedings as per the favourable services in every particular country. In case, there is a delay the possibilities of losing the client gets high.
Strategy development Introduction
Strategic Analysis of NutriNut 10
According to the research led by Bogomyagkov and Machulskyi (2012), the corporate-level strategies concentrate in the process of identifying the core competitors of a company, along with the kind of businesses that can create threat for the company. It is also a strategic management level, whereby the headquarter must remain efficient in handling all the other business corporate units of the company. On the other hand, business level strategies is about the adopt of the appropriate strategic structure to meet the competitive demands of the company. This is about the process of making decisions in favour of eeting business oriented competitive edges for a company (Bogomyagkov and Machulskyi, 2012).
Corporate-level strategies In order to meet the current organisational demands, NutriNut must follow Resource-Based View, in combination with agency theory for its global expansion. As marked by Daniel (2015) the implementation of ‘agency theory’ concentrates in ‘value creation’ among the consumers, and targets towards ‘wealth creation’ for the shareholders. An addition of RBV to this theory can add the elements of innovation and uniqueness of the products of NutriNut (see Appendix 1). As noted by Kraaijenbrink, et al (2010) the formulation of RBV can offer room for new ideas in the new markets. This is something that can combine with agency theory and will assist in the growth of NutriNut as shown in Table 5 below: Table 5 Product-market Matrix 1: NutriNut
Strategic Analysis of NutriNut 11
Source: Grant, et al. 2014)
Generic Business-level strategies For NutriNut, it is important to consider the cost leadership strategy and unlimited resources model under Porter’s generic strategies. According to Drnevich and Croson (2013) the generic strategic approach assists the company in pursuing the competitive advantage over the targeted market. Since NutriNut is very fixed with its costing strategy, the generic approach to the same will add consumer-oriented effectiveness to the prices of the products. A detailed assessment of “advantage or necessity” led by unlimited resources model will create demand oriented channel in terms of manufacturing the products for the respective market as noted in Table 6: Table 6 Product-market Matrix2: NutriNut
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Assessment Criteria 1.1 Explain how models of organization culture can be used to achieve organizational objectives. Siemens in order to achieve its strategic and operational objectives of expansion into automation and digitization need to enhance its corporate culture as well along with other business strategies. The company can consider the various dimensions of culture as proposed by Geert Hofstede (Browaeys & Marie-Joelle, n.d.). As per Geert Hofstede there are five cultural dimensions which are: Power distance: the power distance is defined as the extent to which powers are dispersed unequally in the organization. As per these dimension Siemens need to develop a culture of cordial relationship between superiors and subordinates bridging the status gap. Managers should not be viewed as dictator by its subordinates. Individualism vs. collectivism: In case of Individualism culture employees are more self centered and maintains less interpersonal relationship with others in the organization whereas in a collectivism organizational culture group integration is of high importance. Siemens through effective training and development should try to promote group cohesiveness in the organization. Masculinity – Femininity: This dimension is related to the gender discrimination in terms of values. Siemens should maintain a balance in distribution of job roles, responsibilities and remuneration between its both male and female workers. Uncertainty Avoidance: This relates to the tolerant point of a member to face any uncertain circumstances in the organization. Siemens through its tactful operation strategy need to develop a culture of low uncertainty avoidance. Long-Term vs. Short-Term Orientation: A long term orientation values job more than customs and relations whereas organization inhibiting short term orientation values its worker and its belief system. Siemens need to be sensitive towards its organizational as well as employee’s value system.
Assessment Criteria 1.2 explain the difference between organizational and national culture Germans believe in focusing on the task assigned to them. One of the dominant issue and central part of all business interactions is the performance of the task. German culture also defines the type of communication. The relationship level takes up a more subservient role in proficient life. Additionally, there are numerous bylaws, regulations, techniques and methods in the German companies. Written agreements and contracts are preferred by the German business people. Non-compliance to these rules and regulations may invite
3 penalties and rigid consequences. Though this culture foster consistency and mutual obligation yet it leaves no room for suppleness and individual fortitude (Expatica Germany, 2014) . Siemens also follows the same corporate culture of their home country to a great extent.
(Cheng & Seeger, 2011) carried out a study to assess the corporate culture of two different countries and find out whether the incompatible cultures may lead to synergy effect or not. He found out that understanding of cross culture is indispensable for mergers and acquisitions. Siemens is considered as the model of German engineering expertise. It has long-standing custom of worker synchronization and influential employee’s assemblies. Siemens also follows the German pattern of following standard operating procedures and processes. Moreover, Siemens observes a systematic process for decision-making and lay emphasis on detailing and performing task in order assigned.
As per the report of (CGMA, 2014) , Siemens have executed transparency in their meetings by encouraging uncluttered debates on moral issues and the ways to handle them. Such unambiguousness includes the exterior reportage of obedience linked progresses (Passport to trade 2.0, 2014a) stated that the Germans have inclination to be extra casual about time and constantly make certain they can manage time for the purpose of marketing. It also asserted that Germans are culturally aware and they have anticipations that others should understand them as an independent country. They are straightforward in their language and interpersonal communications in the organizations are largely belligerent and emphatic. Hinner (2009) stated in Cheng et al (2011) that Germans think that trivial talks are spoiling time activity as it has nothing to do with the work they are doing. German executives tend to offer their views in more of an argumentative style and open vocal belligerence appear to be endured more in the German society.
Germans observes low degree of flexibility and spontaneity in attitudes and values. They have clear demarcation between the things and people which enable them to live an organised life. Unexpected changes in the transactions in the business are not welcomed by them even if it is beneficial for them and they abhor absurdity in business as they take it very seriously. Moreover, colleagues do not require or presume to be admired is the corporate culture of Germans (Passport to trade 2.0, 2014b) . Siemens observes the culture of maintaining quality in their organization. Executives and employees in the organization are highly motivated and work towards improving the quality standards. In addition to this, ownership and equity culture prevalent in Siemens nurture a sense of belongingness among the employees of the organization. Thus, Siemens’ culture and German culture are more or less same and quite well aligned.
Assessment Criteria 1.3 analyze the corporate cultural profile in an organization
4 Siemens is one of the most successful companies of Germany in the field of worldwide electronic market. It attained such a respectable position by delivering sustainable value to their customers (Siemens, 2005) . Siemens was formed in 1847 in Berlin by two men namely Telegraphen-Bauanstalt von Siemens & Halske. It emerged as one of the most successful and highly reputed company of Germany. Siemens attained a leading position with the invent of telegraph, dynamo and primary x-ray machine for the human beings (Simens, 2008) .
Siemens is one of the premier corporations of Germany. It is one the giant corporate in the field of electrochemical and electronics. Like any other German Export firms, Siemens AG also targeted U.S. markets. Investments in research and development have been made by Siemens aggressively. It has a remarkable position amongst companies of U.S. as the recipient of copyrights and donor to prominent American universities and academies for co-operative research plans. It’s because of qualified German public and training system which facilitated in essential human capital required by Siemens to be at leading position in highly competitive electrochemical industry (Siemens, 2009) . As per the report of (IBEF, 2013) , Siemens is international participant in integrated circuit technology, engineering and electronics. A SMART strategy was launched by the company in 2009 focussing on affordability, reliability timeliness and maintenance free perspectives of the products. Additionally, the company transformed from being workforce-centric from consumer-centric. The company claims of having highly contended employees. Siemens stands as the largest technology company of the world. It has made many technological modernizations in the areas of power, healthcare, engineering and substructure (Siemens, 2014b) . One of the key strategic step taken by Siemens is the localization which is the key behind is success all over the world. Strategic initiatives taken by Siemens and launching at appropriate time, emphasis on the workforce and escalating sales channels leads to the prosperity of the company (SMC, 2015) . Compliance with the internal and external rules and regulations of the company is required for the achieving full social potential of corporate responsibility. Observing compliance with the law and regulation is seen as the part of their self-image and corporate culture by Siemens. The company finds the need to outlook acquiescence as a face of their corporate values and as fragment of a dynamic company and administrative culture. This modification is buttressed by the Compliance Program of Siemens, which is alienated into the following three mainstays: Prevent, Detect and Respond (Siemens, 2013c) . Siemens is of the view that a company cannot reap the benefits of its outstanding strategies if they lack in strong culture. The company therefore aims towards fostering ownership culture which encourage every employee of the organization to strive towards long term success of the company (Siemens, 2014b) . Siemens has a culture of strict adherence to company policies and values. The analysis also provided that the company lays high emphasis on duly complying with its corporate social responsibility. In addition to this,
customers are the most important stakeholder in company’s culture. But there are inherent loopholes in the company relating to leadership gaps and communication gaps. Assessment Criteria 1.4 Discuss the impact of an organization’s corporate culture in achieving its objectives An organization’s cultural climate has significant impact on the way it attains its objectives in the short-run and long-run. Siemens aims at customer satisfaction, quality maintenance, strict policy adherence and stakeholder development (Siemens, 2011) . As per the report of (Siemens, 2011) , the quality culture prevailing in the organization pay emphasis on the customer as the key factor for the continuous success of the organization. They are keen in incessant enhancement of their quality as a part of their top priority. A satisfied customer is fundamental to success of any organization. He expects the quality for the price paid by him. In Siemens, executives are aware of importance of maintaining quality and workforce are categorized by their extraordinary mind-set of quality control. Managers of Siemens are of view that success of their organization is reliant on their inventive fortes and exceptional quality of their merchandises and solutions. In the report presented by (Siemens, 2014b) , the ownership culture is widespread in the organization which is responsible for the sustainable business practices prevalent in the company. In Siemens, every individual assumes that fulfilling his or her responsibility is imperative for the success of the company. Right from the board of director to trainee embrace the culture to treat the company as of their own and act accordingly. The company rely on strong culture for its long term success and believe that worker stakeholders perform sensibly and are focused on to the long term when they unswervingly contribute in their company’s achievement. People oriented approach adopted by Siemens nurtures diversity of experience and expertise and is reflected in their success and they have versatile workforce which through their knowledge and expertise strive for high productivity and profits. Siemens believe the company is obliged that it has employees that identify with the organization and are highly committed towards the positive development of the company. The equity culture is prevalent in organization which fosters the sense of belongingness and responsibility towards the organization. Siemens believes this culture to be decisive for the long term success of the company (Siemens, 2014a) . Assessment Criteria 2.1evaluate the existing climate of an organization Organizational climate is defined as the perception of an employee regarding an organization’s policies, values, practices, behavior and environment to cite a few. A crucial relation lies between organizational climate and individual’s performance and behavior (Srivastava, 2005) . Siemens global business strategy of sustainability forms the core aspect of its internal and external organizational climate. Siemens internal organizational climate is build of integrity in its business operations as it follows legal and ethical code of conduct in dealing with internal as well as external business partners.
6 The company maintains ethical standards in its financial activities as well. Siemens have got employees from different cultural background and the company manages diversity through imparting effective training and development program, maintaining a non discriminative attitude towards employees from other nations and providing equitable rights to both men and women (Siemens, 2013b) . The company discharges its social responsibility towards its employees and society by following policy for environmental protection, health management and occupational safety in its business activities (Siemens, 2013b) . To enhance employee’s welfare in the organization Siemens extended the maternity leave period from 120 days to 180 days in 2011 and also adopted work from home policy for employees in 2013 where employees could work from home once per week (Siemens, 2013b) . The company also provides its employees an opportunity to purchase company’s stock. It spent around dollar 42.4 million in 2013 for training and development program to enhance employee’s skill and maintain high performance culture. It also introduced leadership development program to build future leaders for beating global challenges. Siemens was honored as among the Best Companies in People Management practices in 2013 (Siemens, 2013b) . Siemens external organizational climate framework is build of maintaining cordial relationship with its various stakeholders. It provides superior customized service to its customers globally. It maintains amicable relation with its investors by providing quarterly reports, annual reports and other relevant information timely. In order to augment relation with suppliers globally it imparts training to enhance suppliers skills free of cost. Siemens also maintains close contacts with the government, policy makers and other administrators for its organization interests (Sustainability Report, n.d.) . As per the report of (Simenes, 2007) , there are few companies in the world that boasts a long tradition and a corporate culture. Siemens is of one them where management of the organization take due care of the social responsibility while making any corporate decisions. Ever since the company was founded, it has always been committed towards transferring its legacy to the next generation. The company’s culture exhibits itself as a fellow of society and that they are modelling upcoming era not only with their inventions, but also with their instruction and on-going edification. Since long, enduring discourses with inner and outer groups of investors is inevitable part of corporate culture of the organization. Siemens corporate culture encompasses unbiased radical posture, admiring liberty of outlook and regarding the encountered diversity in their overseas undertakings as enrichment of their business as well as corporate culture. Assessment Criteria 2.2 Recommend ways to improve corporate climate in an organization Siemens, the engineering giant manufacturing organization in German faced a scandal in 2006 against bribery. Employees in the organization were accused of paying bribes in millions of Euros to the officials in order to gain contracts from large organizations and even government around the globe. Due to this business irresponsibility and unethical act Siemens lost its creditability and goodwill in front of its investors, employees and society as a whole. The organization was declared incompetent in handling business affairs. As a response to the scandal and to maintain integrity Siemens appointedexternal investigators from New
7 York law firm to carry out a rigorous internal audit in the firm. After the audit process several reasons popped out which were held responsible for the scandal to take place such as a belligerent expansion strategy adopted by the organization due to which employees began to perceive that bribery is a part of the corporate climate to achieve tough performance targets and meet business objectives, complex organizational structure and poor quality of accounting system (Graham & Gillespie, 2012) . Poor leadership quality of the managers in Siemens was one of the greatest reasons for such scandal to take place. In order to enhance the corporate climate Siemens can follow some of the recommendations as cited (George Bradt, 2013) . Siemens need to change its corporate culture and environment due to its rigorous expansion objectives in order to sustain its competitive advantage. Employees in the organization need to be adaptable to organization’s cultural changes which can be developed by imparting effective training and education. Employees should be clearly communicated regarding the company’s value system vital to achieve present and future organization’s success where there should not be any place for unethical behavior. Employees need to develop a responsible and positive attitude towards organization’s culture and enhance skills to maintain good relations with the organization’s various stakeholders such as customers, investors to cite a few. Above all the organization need to conduct effective learning and development session for leadership development in the organization. Employees at all level need to possess a leadership quality to decide upon right and wrong and to meet the business objectives responsibly and ethically. Assessment Criteria 2.3 propose a framework of organizational values that meet the specific strategic and operational needs of an organization The strategic and operational objective of Siemens is to expand into the world of automation and digitization after electrification (The Economists, 2014) . The company aims to reduce the existing bureaucracy in its organization, develop and expand business portfolio and implement projects more efficiently (The Economists, 2014) . In order to meet its objectives the organization has plans to undergo a change in organizational structure with a reduction in number of group divisions and downsizing of employees followed by redeployment of few staffs. Along with a change in organizational structure Siemens believes that a change in organizational culture is essential for effective expansion and operation of business portfolios (The Economists, 2014) . A change in organizational culture would mean a need to introduce new competing organizational value framework to meet the global challenges and change management (Cameron, 2006) . Leaders in the organization need to undertake the responsibility of building value system and diffusing the same into the employees of the firm. Signifying values forms a pillar for any strategic and operational decisions. Values once framed, understood and followed speeds up the business activities and decisions (Madhavan, n.d.) .
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