IBM Strategic Human Resource Management at Academic  Research Writing  services http://www.findtutoronline.net/blog

1. Introduction

According to the Annual Report 2015 of IBM, the current strategic imperative revenue mix of the company, against the market get noted as follows –

Source: IBM (2015)

It has been clearly marked in the current competitive market scenario, IBM has considered its strategic imperatives as significant elements to its management process. Its expansion in the fields of analytics, cloud, mobile, security, and social context remains successful in gaining 27% of its total revenue of $25 billion in the year 2014. With the establishment of 3,000 patents in 2014, the company acknowledges that it is the capacity and efficiency of its human resource (HR) that integrated technology in accordance to the business proceedings the clients, and adding success to the company on a worldwide basis.

Considering developmental approaches of IBM as the core subject, this research is offering a research on the ways the Human Resources are recruited, generated, maintained, and further retained in IBM. The approach is in gaining information about the strategic management formulations as considered by IBM in being able remain competitive in the global market. For this purpose the official declarations of IBM, like Annual reports and news articles will be considered. Further analytical overview will include various theories, peer-reviewed journal articles, and literary sources for the understanding of Strategic Human Resource Management, with close study of the practices in IBM.

1.1 Research Question

Is it possible for any company to follow the SHRM formulation of IBM in order to sustain and grow in the current global market?

1.2 Research Purpose

The core purpose of this report is to analyse the SHRM of IBM, in order to gain necessary knowledge about the implementation of strategic theories and practices in the HR domain for organisational success. As under the intensive pressure of globalisation, the companies are facing enormous hurdles in recruiting the right employees, train & motivate them, and get most strenuous in retaining valued employees; this research aims to offer the tips and tricks of IBM in resolving these issues in particular.

1.3 Research Rationale

As against many competitive software companies, like Accenture, Hewlett-Packard, Apple, etc., IBM with 379,592 employees, excels itself in the process of recruiting, training & motivating, and retaining employees for organisational growth and long term sustainability in the market (IBM, 2014). Its achievements and growth makes it one of the most best place for generating a good career for an employee (IBM, 2015 a). This is the reason that IBM justifies itself as an ideal organisation to understand its HR strategic management for the upliftment of those companies that still strive to gain more potentiality in global market.  By considering the HR management strategies of IBM and its experiences in dealing with various issues and risks of the market, there can be a real understanding of initiating a business in the global marketing scenario.

2. Literature Review

Boote & Beile (2005) stated the purpose of literature review in a very comprehensive manner. For these researchers, the purpose of the literature review in a research is to evaluate different studies that are connected to research question and objectives. In this approach, the current research aims in describing or summarising, evaluating and further comprehending the content of different literary sources. The aim is to identify the elements and features of IBM’s SHRM that has made it so successful in the international marketing domain. The selection of the literary sources, with be very limited and specifically in context of the research topic (Kirby, et al., 2006). However, some of the data research in quest of establishing the relationship of the literature review with the current research.

2.1 Strategic HR Management

According to Hunt (2014), the strategic management for a firm is about creating the craftsmanship in the management process, formulating and generating resources and implementing as well as evaluating the approaches under cross-functional scopes for achieving organisational objectives. In reference to the developmental approaches of SHRM, Monahan (2008) states that in order to improve HRM in an organisation, there is the need to develop interactivity among the members. It is through interactive provisions that the company can have increased rates of effectiveness and excellence in the performance of the HR.

2.1.1 Common Global Practices

The report of Dermol and Rakowska (edts. 2014) about the application of SHRM in the global periphery marks the aspects of demographic changes that are creating hudles in cross-cultural communications. Moreover, these scholars noted that organisations are regularly facing lack of talented staff and professional employees, who can assist in managing organisational diversity and create potentiality at the workplace. Thus, it has been clearly noted that the strategic HR management in the current international market is more concerned about the gaining platforms of diversity management for handling cross-cultural working environment. research led by Söderlund & Tell (2011) refers to the process of team building through various employee programs and deployment of temporary tasks among the employees from different cultures. The inclusion of the ideology that the ‘the organization of resources is equally important as the resources themselves’ (Söderlund, 2011). The core purpose of global approach to SHRM is related to the recruitment and creation of professional experts and further retaining them for developing successful work patterns within the organisation.

2.1.2 SHRM at IBM: A Case Study

As the issue of diversity management appears to be the core matter of concern in the process of organisational development, this research is considering the SHRM of IBM as a case study.

International Business Machines Corporation or IBM, is recognised as a MSC in the field of IT consultation and computer technology. With its corporate headquarter in Armonk, North Castle of NY, US; IBM is successful in establishing its business in almost every major nation of the world. It is an IT firm that was established in 19th century with the aim to manufacture as well as sell computer software and hardware, along with services in the domain of infrastructure, hosting, and consultations from computers to the sector of nanotechnology (Selinger, edt. 2006).

However, the reason for selecting IBM as the case study for this research is due to the multicapability of the IBM hr in generating excellence in diversified fields. As stated in the IBM Annual Report 2015, IBM is currently creating a complete ‘new generation of critical systems’ that is efficient in offering its clients with the provisions for ‘exploring a cure for cancer, unclogging city traffic, reducing risk, improving the safety of food supplies, and serving their own employees, customers, citizens and patients with greater levels of understanding, personalization and intimacy’. For all these scopes, IBM is the owner of the HR team that is not only professionally specialised; but are dedicated employees, committed to serve the organisation on a long-term basis.

2.2 Theory to Praxis

For the current research, there are two theories that are considered for understanding the relevance of SHRM and necessary approaches to gain maximum effectiveness, amidst global competitive market. For this purpose, this research is concentrating on the theories of Diversity Management and Creative Destruction. It is through these theoretical approaches on practical field of IBM that this research paper will bring in the elements for recruiting right candidates, training and motivating them for organisational success; and retaining those who are assets to the company.

2.2.1 SHRM Theories

The two SHRM theories selected for this research are – Diversity Managementand Creative Destruction.

Diversity Management

Kunze, et al (2011) derived that there are innumerable research works that are laying emphasis on the implementation of diversity management in MNCs and those organisations that are planning to go international, in order to gain positive responses in the workplace environment. Attempts are made in terms of collecting the interconnectivity between diversity management and the performance of the organisation. Studies analysed by Joshi & Roh (2009) mentions the importance of climate and culture maintenance within an organization, especially in context of stereotypes of the staff members and the executives about the issues related to age, gender, race, origin, etc. A meta-analysis led by Pekka & Seija (2011) states that ignorance of an organisation to the aforementioned employees’ stereotypes laid negative impact over the success process of the company and thus inclusion of diversity management, where the employees are trained to maintain equality at the workplace gains extensive emphasis.

Creative Destruction

The theoretical approach of Schumpeter in generating creative destruction within an organisation aims in removing the notion of capitalism, which is noted for ‘incessantly revolutionizes the economic structure from within, incessantly destroying the old one, incessantly creating a new one’ (Schumpeter, 1942, p. 82). According to Kirchhoff, et al (2013) creative destruction as noted by Schumpeter is the demand of contemporary international business approach. Under this theoretical loom, the companies need to consider novel production process, products, resources, marketing formulation and organisational forms; as per the new market. Carayannis, et al. (2007) referred that innovation should be added to the skill of entrepreneurship and the HR of the organisation should be able to complement external business atmosphere with internal working environment. For this purpose, destruction of current organisational trend with enough creativity is important for gaining flexible approaches as per new international markets.

2.2.2 Implementation at IBM

Selection of IBM for understanding the theoretical approaches of Diversity Management and Creative Destruction in managing HR strategically, is done on the basis of multicultural amalgamation of employees noted within IBM. As observed by Thomas & Kanji (2004) strategic formulation for managing HR within IBM is unique as it promotes diversity in its workplace. Recruitment of women employees, employees from Afro-American origin, disabled employees are part of the system without any discrimination. Moreover, its employees list includes Asian, gay & lesbians, black and brown, Hispanic origin, Native Americans, etc. IBM thus, even holds the prestigious recognition of 2013 Diversity Inc from being at the Top 10 Companies of the Global Diversity list (Thomas & Kanji, 2004).

2.3 Current Issues

According to Lockyer and Scholarios (2005), Zingheim, et al (2009), Wartzman (2011) and Kaufman, et al (2015); in last decade the basic issues faced by most of the companies in the global scenario are related to the issues of recruiting professional employees, right kind of training and motivational strategies for organisational success; and retention of employees who are supporting the company at the best.

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Agenda:-     1)  Introduction

2)    Credit  Management                                                                                                       3) Assets Repossessions & disposals

4)Mortgages

5)   Legal  Implications

6) Aging Analysis

7)  Follow-up Report

8)   Agency Management

9) Review

10) Debtors Planning & Actions Taken

11)  Conclusions

Introduction & Credit Management

  • Credit Evaluation which includes credit worthiness of customers for Retail Assets as well as Corporate.
  • Documents required for checking:-For Corporate-Profit & Loss & Balance Sheet analysis, Ratio Analysis, References check with Bankers, past track record in the market, feedback checking etc. Working capital requirement forecast. For Individual -Retail customers ,the following documents required: any property document like LIC Policy, Any assets ownership ,Bank Statement past six months, Repayment track record if any loan taken from any other financial institutions, Electricity Bill or telephone Bills, Property tax if it is agricultural base then Extact-7 form required. If it is rented house, then rental agreement along with guarantors.
  • Customers should be divided into four categories namely No.1) Good customers. No.2) Bad customers No.3) Doubtful customers No.4) Slightly Risky customers.
  • Exchange of Information through Industry wise Credit Negative Bureau for defaulter customers. Either sharing information from other financial institutions.
  • Issuance of Public Notice in the Local newspaper for defaulter customers.
  • 138 should be implemented for cheque bouncing.
  • Assets Repossessions & Disposals & Mortgages

    • Customers which is more than 3 instalments Outstanding then his Assets is
    • Seized by the Banks or financial institutions by issuance seizing letter to the
    • Agency for Seizing. Then seizure of the Products made.
    • After seizing the Products,it is disposed off after issueing proper notice to the customers.
    • If the customers has got agricultural lands huge in his name, although he is
    • A big defaulter of the bank or financial Institutions, in that case a Mortgage
    • Deed is prepared in his name & kept by the Bank.

    Legal  Implications

    • Sec. 138 should be made for cheque Bouncing.

    Summons  should be served to the customers through local Police StationsTo the defaulter customers. 

    • Sec.156 should be implemented through court for Possessions of the vehicles through court.
    • Sec.9 should be implemented for attachment of the Property through court.
    • 406 should be implemented for breach of trust.
    • Sec.420 should be implemented for cheating /fraud.

    So Proper receivables Management should be effective with the help of

    Legal  Deptt.

    • Aging Analysis:- This report is based on customers due on Number of days

    i.e. >30 days, >60 days, >90 days & above. With that report ,Collection Executives should visit to the customers for recovery of outstanding.

    • Follow-up Report:- With this report, Agency has to follow-up with the customers for recovery . Telecalling should be made to the defaulter Customers on the basis of this reports.
    • Agency Management:- Each & every Banks and financial institutions has to recruit Agencies with proper manpower on the basis of number of cases allotted to each Agency. So, Proper Agency Management by the Collections Manager is the good step for Receivables Management.
    • Review:- It has to be taken from each Agency on case to case basis by the Recovery Executive or by the Collections head by the Bank. Agencies performance can be judged on the basis of Review. Renewal of Agencies Can be made on  the basis of this or Agency can be terminated for nor-performance.
    • Debtors Planning & Actions Taken:- Mapping of debtors is the first step for debtors Planning. Field Credit Investigation should be made on strong basis. Recruitment of good Agencies. Plan of Actions should be taken for the month for effective Receivabels Management which are mentioned below:-
    • Collection Target should be set for each month for a particular regions or Branches & it should be achieved, no shortfall is accepted.
    • Repossessions of Assets should be mandatory.
    • Disposal of Re-possessions of seized assets with in the time frame.
    • Effective Telecalling systems should be implemented.
    • Branch performance review should be conducted on monthly basis for

    Effective  Receivables Management.

    6) Frequent Field Visit should be necessary for chronic defaulters by the topofficials of the Bank or financial institutions.Recovery Channels like Post Office, sub-dealers/Dealers appointing as collection agent.

  • Conclusions:- A sale is not completed until & unless the money is recovered or collected  from the customers i.e. Receivables Management for Financial institutions/Non-banking Financial institutions/Banks /Telecom Industries.
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The topic “Crisis of Fund Management” consists of three important words -Crisis,fund  and management. Now, let me conceptualise the term “fund” first.

(1) Fund : The term “fund” is defined  differently in different topics of financial Management.The term “Fund, used in working capital management can not be construed as an equivalent to the fund used in fund flow statement for financial statement analysis. The term fund  has been used to indicate the quantum of liquid cash available at any point of time either in iron-chest or in bank account as the case may be. It is true that higher the liquidity, lower  the risk and obviously lower the profit as profitability and risk are corelated. Some relaxation has been made by including the inventory or value of stock into the fund.

(2) Management : The fund management and cash management are not the same thing. The main focus of Cash management is to receive and utilise the cash in the befitting manner in Govt Undertakings- this  aspect is well known even to be a layman. Usually, a budget is prepared and it is approved by the Govt. The Expenditure is incurred,bills received,it is passed for  payment and the payment is made through Reserve Bank of India. The Govt accounts are not Constitutionally supposed to accrue interest. That is why it does not matter whether the idel cash is kept in current Account or in savings account or in short term fixed deposit. What is most important in this case is that the Govt should get the money as and when approached. This fund management  technique is mostly imported  by the PSUs and the autonomous body as most of the Heads of those organisations  belong to the bureaucracuy of the Govt. On Analysis, it  may be seen  that the PSUs and autonomous bodies are loosing crores of rupees for this faulty cash management system or fund management system.

(3) Crisis  :   Slight touch is evident as to the crisis of fund management surfaces during the fund management in PSUs. The basic Crisis generates in the suystem itself. It is seen from the financial reports,balance sheet,statement of accounts or budget speech that considerably, a larger quantum of  idle cash is lying in current Account or in iron chest of PSUs for years together without earning any interest thereof though the quantum of interest earned could have solve reasonably the problem of shortage of  fund in the PSUs.

Another crisis is revealed in the management of retained earnings. It is interesting to note that some Central Govt Undertakings are not maintaining the Commercial Accounting procedures so far the treatment of Depreciation  fund is concerned. In some cases,it is revealed that though Depreciation is charged in Profit & Loss Account, the same is not being invested or utilised in a well -stipulated  way so that the accumulated sum can jolly well meet a bigger  portion of demand for fund for replacement of plants and machineries of the PSU’s are going to be  out of order,antidated and obsolete. In some cases the capacity  is reduced to nil, operational and maintenance expenses are going  high. The management is equivocal  for modernisation but the fund created by charging against the Profit & Loss A/c can hardly be available at the nick of time. This simply speaks the crisis of fund management arising out of non-professional fund management.

The third point of  crisis is noticed in lack of proper store management and the unwillingness  to realise the receivables  at or before the expiry of Credit period.As a matter of  fact,most of the PSUs are to work against advance.In this case the net working capital is negative(-) as CL > CA but in practice, it is seen that the position is reverse. Most of the PSU are not suffering from order to supply or manufacture but they are suffering from inadequate production and lesser marketability. This  has been aggravated by the high overhead expenditure, mostly because of overtime allowances and existances of large nos of high salaried persons in the top level. In this way, if i go on writing differnt facets of crisis, the work will be voluminous in nature. So to concentrate on the topic we have to find out the core of crisis.

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Balance sheet is a summary of balances which showed Liabilities side as well as Asset side. I discovered a formulae at my Own level to make it meaningful & memorise the same for Mba’s/CA’s/CMA’s & also Under Graduates commerce level.

On liability Side :  S   R    Sen   Under    Control    OF      Police

On Asset  Side   :   Five  Indian  Cultivators   Looking   A   Melody

Each Alphabet first letter denotes the Heading of Balance sheet of both Assets & Liabilities which is mentioned below :

On Liabilities side :

S–Stands for—-Share  Capital–Equity Shares-Authorised,Subscribed,Issued & paid up, Preference shares will come under this Head.

R–Stands for—-Reserves & Surplus—General Reserves,P&L Cr. balance,Share premium,Capital Reserves etc will come under this Head.

Sen—Stands for ——–Secured Loans—-Loans against mortgage of Fixed Assets.

Under—  –Stands  for ————-Unsecured Loans—–6% debentures

Control—Stands for——Current Liabilities—Sundry Creditors,Bills payable,Outstanding Expenses etc.

of

Police ——Stands  for ——Provisions  for Taxations,Proposed Divident, Provision of Taxations etc.

 

On the Assets  Side :

Five—-F  stands for—-Fixed Assets—Land & Building,Plant & machineries,Car,Patents & copywrights,Furniture & fixtures,Goodwill etc

Indian—I  stands for—–Investments- Purchase of Nationals savings  certificate, Purchase of IDBI Bonds etc.

Cultivators—C stands for—-Current Assets———-Sundry Debtors,Bills Receivables,Inventory,Cash in hand, Cash at Bank etc

Looking  ——L  Stands for—Loans & Advances——Stafff Salary Advance, Advance Rent, Loans given to Outsiders etc.

A——stands for—-All Advances

Melody—M Stands for —-Miscellaneous Expenditure——Premilinary Expenditures. Discount on Issue of Shares,Advertising Suspense  etc.

 

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r project

Introduction: This project contain exploratory data analysis using r and Ggobi sofrware. r software is more powerful tools for analysis the data. Using this we can analyze all kind of descriptive and statistical inference. Addition to this also we can use model like regression analysis.

In this we used employee data for analyzing the salary of associates. The salary of associates depends on so many factors. In this data we included variables are education(in years), salary begin, Previous experience (in years), Job time, minority.

The statistical tools used,

1. Mean, median, Mode

2. cross tab analysis

3. Scatter plots

4. Correlation Analysis

5.  Regression Analysis.

The below is the list of r option we used

R option

Uses

read.table() To read employee text file
attach() To get attached all variable into r console
colnames() To list the name present in employee data
summary() To get the descriptive statistics like Minmum, maximum, 1st quarter, 3rd Quarter,
plot() To plot the scatter plot
pairs() To plot the scatter plot including all variable together
tables() To do the cross tab analysis
cor() To perform the correlation Analysis between two variables
lm() To perform the linear regression.

 

 

 

#To read the text file into R console we used read.table option.

Emp=read.table(“D:/CARS/Project-cars/Ranadeeb/emp.txt”,header=TRUE)

 

# Attach the tables imported we need to use attach option.

#Once we attach option used, then we can give Individual variable name for analysis

#and plotting the graph.

 

attach(Emp)

 

#To find the column names we need to use the colnames() option. This will display

the column names of the attached file.

 

colnames(Emp)

#The variables prsent in the emp data are

#1. Educ ( this is the number of years of education)

#2. jobcat ( this will measure the category of job they are doing. 1 reprsent

#trainee. 2 will reprsent Team Members. 3rd will reprsent Manaager Level.

#3. Salary

#4.Salbegin (this salary when started job first time)

#5.Jobtime

#6. Prevexp (It is the experience of the candiates)

#7. Minority (0 means no and 1 means yes)

 

#The summary will give the overall descrptive statistics for all quantitative data.

#The descrptive statistics are given below.

#1. Minimum Value: This will give the minimum valve for the given data.

#2.1st Qu: the first quarter the 25th percentile data.

#3.Median:It is the middle value of the data set when data is arranged in either

#in ascending or descending order.

#4. Mean: It is the sum of the observation divided by total number of observation.

#5. 3rd Qu: this will give the 75% of the data.

#6. Max: It will give the maximum valuve of data set.

 

summary(Emp)

summary(salary)

 

 

 

# To get the cross tabulation we can use table option. this will give the cross tabunlation of jobcategory versus minority.

table(jobcat,minority)

 

# To plot the scatter plot we can use the command plot(x1,x2).

plot(salary,salbegin)

# there is a postive correlation between salary and salarybegin.

# AS salarybegin is high then salary of current also be high.

 

plot(educ,salary)

#when we plot the correlation between educ and salary, there is a posstive correlation

#between these two variable.

 

plot (educ,salbegin)

# there is a postive correlation between education and salary of begin.

#To combinaly see the all the correaltion  using scater plot, then we can use pair option.

pairs(Emp)

 

#to calculate the correlation between all variable then we can use cor option.

#the correlation is the degree of association between two variable.

# The correlation is classfied into three types.

#1. Posstive correlation (Where correlation is close to one)

#2. Negative correlation (where correlation is close to – one)

#3. Zero correlation ( where correlation is close to zero)

 

cor(Emp)

#As the name suggests, in simple terms correlation is the relationship between 2 variables.

#Correlation is defined as the “degree of strength of association between 2 variables”.

# Here 2 variables, does not mean 2 values in the same variable, but two different variables.

# Correlation explains the degree of the relation the 2 variables share among themselves, but does not explain the cause and effect of each other.

 

#Usually, correlation is required to be found between at least one dependent variable and another independent variable

#and its relation or association on the dependent variable.

#The researcher looks at things that already exist and determines if and in what way those things are related to each other.

#The purpose of doing correlations is to allow us to make a prediction about one variable based on what we know about another variable.

 

#Correlation co-efficient is denoted by small r . Always co-efficient of correlation value r ranges between -1 and +1.

# To find out the correlation, we usually do a scatter plot of both x values (independent variable) and the y values (dependent variable).

 

#A correlation tells us that the two variables are related, but we cannot say anything about whether one caused the other.

#This method does not allow us to come to any conclusions about cause and effect. Correlation is not Causation!

 

 

#regression Analysis

#Regression is said to be said an extension of Correlation.

#Regression is the “Functional relationship between dependent and independent variables”.

#Regression gives you the cause & effect relationship of the variables which is left incomplete by Correlation.

#We regress the pattern of the future occurrence of the variables based on the actual prior values.

#Regression forms a basis for future estimating & Forecasting while taking into account #the cause & effect of the relationship of the variables.

 

#Definition:-  Regression analysis is the process of constructing a mathematical #/statistical model or function that can be used to predict or determine one variable by #other variables.

 

#Regression involves two or more variables in which one variable is predicted (called the dependent variable) and designated as Y,

# The variable/s which help the prediction are called Independent variables  or #Explanatory variables and are designated as x1   x2   x3  …. xn.

#The values of x variables will be known or have actually happened, based on which we will be predicting the Y variable.

#Here, only a straight line relationship between the dependent and independent  variables is assumed.

 

# regression analysis was carried out for employee data

# dependent variable is salary and Indpendent variable is salary_begin, Education, #Previous_Experience.

 

lm(salary~educ+salbegin+prevexp)

 

#The above model used to run the linear regression of salary as the dependent variable #and education, salary begin and previous experiance was considered as a indpendent variable. The model shows that,

#salary=-3.661.51+735.956*educ+1.1749*salbegin-16.730*prevexp

 


This 9 Step On-Page Search Engine Optimization Guide will help you optimize your website pages, so they will have the best chance to get found by your target market. The Guide outlines the most important factors to consider when optimizing each page on your site. These steps are listed based on importance, so don’t skip a step. Also, remember that creating new optimized content on a weekly basis is critical to achieving long-term success with SEO.
Step 1: Choose Keywords
Read the page’s content and identify two (2) keywords that are most relevant to the overall page content. Choose one (1) primary keyword relevant to the page’s content and one variation of that keyword (e.g. plural variation or two closely related keywords) per page. If you can’t identify one primary keyword for a page, you’ll need to create new website pages to separate the different content. If it’s not clear to you what page is about, then your visitors and the search engines won’t be able to understand the page either.
Step 2: Page Title
The page title appears as the blue, bolded, underlined text on a Google search results page, and also on the top left the browser bar. The page title should follow these guidelines:
 Be under 70 characters with no more than two long-tail keywords per page title
 The primary keyword should appear first
 Each keyword phrase should be separated by pipes (|)
 Each page title on your website should be unique
 Except for your homepage and contact us page, each page title should NOT include your business name
Step 3: Meta Description
The meta description appears on a Google search results page under the Page Title. The meta description helps people decide whether to click on your result, or a result above or below you. Think of it as a call to action. The meta description should follow these guidelines:
 Be under 150 characters (but not under 100 characters; take advantage of the space you have)
 Incorporate the primary keyword and at least one secondary keyword
 Provide a valuable, compelling reason for why someone should visit the page
 Include keywords in a conversational format; don’t just cram in keywords for the sake of listing them
Step 4: URL
The website page’s URL should include the primary keyword. Each word in the URL should be separated using dashes (-). e.g. www.examplesite.com/inbound-marketing-software
Step 5: Heading Tags
The page should have one H1 heading tag that incorporates the primary keyword, and should align with the page title and the URL or the page. This H1 tag should appear at the top of the page and should be the first thing people see when they arrive on a page.
Step 6: Page Content
Use your primary keyword a few times throughout the page’s content. Don’t overthink keyword density or placement, you should mention them naturally. Try to bold or underline the keyword at least once. This has an effect on how relevant the keyword is to the page. Also mention the secondary keywords when you can.
Step 7: Add a Call to Action
Every website page, including your blog, should have at least one call to action above the page’s fold (Don’t make your website visitor scroll down to see the call to action). Calls to action can help SEO by creating an internal link on your website to a specific landing page. Most calls to action are images; therefore you can optimize the image filename and alt text for the primary keyword you’re targeting on the page (see step 9).
Step 8: Internal Links
If you mention the primary keyword of this page on other pages within your site, then link to this page using the primary keyword as the anchor text. For example, you should link to a page about inbound marketing software using the anchor text “inbound marketing software.” To make sure this is completed, take a moment to create one (1) or two (2) links on related pages that link back to the page you’re optimizing.
Step 9: Images
Any images used on the page should be optimized so that search engines can “read” the image. Optimize the most prominent image on the page using the primary keyword, and then use the primary and secondary keywords for any other images. Images can be optimized in two ways:
 File name: Each word should be separated with dashes (-), e.g. inbound-marketing-software.jpg
 ALT text: The alt text should match the file name, without dashes, e.g. Inbound Marketing Software
If you are unable to change image file name or if it’s too time consuming, then only change the most prominent images’ alt text using the primary keyword.
Meta Keywords
They aren’t part of Google’s or Bing’s search algorithm, so I’m not including them as a step. However, still use your primary and secondary keyword in the page’s meta keywords. Smaller search engines still might use them in their algorithm, but major search engines do not use them. HubSpot does not recommend you optimize your meta keywords.
Repeat these 9 steps for each of your website pages.

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Strategic Purchasing Procedure : Procurement Under Supply Chain Management  :

_____________________________________________________________________

 

Purchase procedure for Procurement in Regions/ Branch Offices 

and Head Office except for Works & EFS.

 

All our business activities involve purchases of various items & services from different vendors.

In order to ensure that we buy from a qualified source at competitive prices, this procedure is laid down. Continuous evaluation of the vendors for quality, reliability & cost effectiveness is the key issue addressed in this procedure.

 

The basic issues included in this procedure are as follows:

  • Selection & approval of vendors
  • Evaluation of offers & negotiations
  • Terms & Conditions of purchase
  • Vendor appraisal.

The procedure is applicable to all divisions except for Works and Engineering and Field Services (EFS) for whom separate procedures are laid down.

 

As a part of process improvements we have amended the procedure & list of amendments is enclosed.

 

This procedure comes into force with immediate effect.

 

Encl

Table of contents

  1. PREAMBLE: 3
  2. SELECTION & APPROVAL OF VENDORS: 3

Inclusion of New Vendors in Approved Vendor List. 3

ISO approved vendors. 3

Client/ Consultant/Preferred Vendors. 3

Dealers, Stockists and Traders. 3

Vendors of Foreign Origin. 3

Other Category of Vendors. 4

Dormant Vendors. 4

  1. ENQUIRIES.. 4
  2. EVALUATION OF OFFERS.. 4
  3. NEGOTIATION.. 4

Terms & Conditions of Purchase: 5

  1. PURCHASE  ORDER.. 5

Placement of purchase order. 5

Amendments to PO.. 5

Methods of Purchase. 6

Order Acknowledgement: 6

Siemens Equipment: 6

Proprietary  & Consumable items: 6

Processing by vendors: 7

Adjustments of Payables/ Receivables: 7

Liquidated Damages: 7

Penalty: 7

Warranty: 7

Deviation: 7

Post order contractual problems: 7

  1. INSPECTION, APPROVAL AND  PASSING OF BILLS: 7
  2. RATE CONTRACTS.. 8
  3. VENDOR RATING.. 8
  4. PERFORMANCE AT SITE: 8
  5. REASSESMENT AND/OR DELETION OF VENDOR: 9
  6. BLACK LISTING: 9
  7. BUSINESS CONSULTANTS AND / OR CONTRACTORS.. 9
  8. SAFETY & ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS.. 9
  9. DEPENDENCY RISKS FOR OUTSOURCING.. 9

   Annexures                                                                                           No of Pages

Annexure I            Vendor Information Form                                                                                  3

Annexure IA          Vendor Master Maintenance Form                                                                  3

Annexure II           Essential category of Vendors for Evaluation                                                               2

Annexure IIA         Vendor Evaluation Report For Manufacturers                                                               3

Annexure IIB         Vendor Evaluation Report For Service Providers                                         3

Annexure IIC        Vendor Evaluation Report For Civil Contractors                                           3

Annexure IID        Vendor Evaluation Report For Engineering Services Providers                                2

Annexure III          Commercial Terms And Conditions For Purchase                                      1

Annexure IIIA        Commercial Terms And Conditions For Service                                          2

Annexure IV          Quotation Evaluation Sheet                                                                              1

Annexure V           Visit Report                                                                                                           1

Annexure VI          Minutes of Meeting                                                                                             1

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